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Columbia Business School Research

At the Forefront of Their Fields

At Columbia Business School, our faculty members are at the forefront of research in their respective fields, offering innovative ideas that directly impact the practice of business today. A quick glance at our publication on faculty research, CBS Insights, will give you a sense of the breadth and immediacy of the insight our professors provide.

As a student at the School, this will greatly enrich your education. In Columbia classrooms, you are at the cutting-edge of industry, studying the practices that others will later adopt and teach. As any business leader will tell you, in a competitive environment, being first puts you at a distinct advantage over your peers. Learn economic development from Ray Fisman, the Lambert Family Professor of Social Enterprise and a rising star in the field, or real estate from Chris Mayer, the Paul Milstein Professor of Real Estate, a renowned expert and frequent commentator on complex housing issues. This way, when you complete your degree, you'll be set up to succeed.

The Columbia Advantage

Columbia Business School in conjunction with the Office of the Dean provides its faculty, PhD students, and other research staff with resources and cutting edge tools and technology to help push the boundaries of business research.

Specifically, our goal is to seamlessly help faculty set up and execute their research programs. This includes, but is not limited to:

  • Highly skilled staff of full-time predoctoral fellows, summer research interns, and part-time research assistants
  • Access to centralized funding from the Dean's office and external grants to support research activities
  • Providing a state-of-the-art high-performance grid computing environment
  • Acquisition of proprietary data sets and access to various databases
  • Leading library which provides faculty with latest tools and techniques to enable digital scholarship

All these activities help to facilitate and streamline faculty research, and that of the doctoral students working with them.

Featured Research

Be a better manager: Live abroad

Authors
W. Maddux, Adam Galinsky, and C. Tadmor
Date
January 1, 2010
Format
Journal Article
Journal
Harvard Business Review

The article offers the authors' views on expatriate management programs and the benefits from executives interacting with the people and institutions of the host country. The idea that international experience or interaction between foreign managers and local people will help managers become more creative, entrepreneurial, and successful is discussed. The concept of integrative complexity in bi-cultural managers which enhances job performance is mentioned.

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The Kidney Case

Authors
D. Austen-Smith, T. Feddersen, Adam Galinsky, and K. Liljenquist
Date
January 1, 2010
Format
Case Study
Publisher
Kellogg School of Management, Dispute Resolution Research Center

The Kidney Case is multi-person exercise that involves the allocation of a single kidney. Students read profiles of eight candidates for the kidney and make a first allocation decision. Each candidate was designed to be high on some allocation principles but low or unknown on others (e.g., best, match, time in cue, age, personal responsibility for disease, future benefits to society, etc.). Then, students are put into groups and assigned to advocate for one of the candidates. Each group will prepare and give a 3-minute presentation on why their candidate should receive the kidney.

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Mitigating Disaster Risks in The Age Of Climate Change

Authors
Harrison Hong, Jinqiang Yang, and Neng Wang
Date
Forthcoming
Format
Journal Article

Emissions abatement alone cannot address the consequences of global warming for weather disasters. We model how society adapts to manage disaster risks to capital stock. Optimal adaptation — a mix of firm-level efforts and public spending — varies as society learns about the adverse consequences of global warming for disaster arrivals. Taxes on capital are needed alongside those on carbon to achieve the first best.

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Returns to Education through Access to Higher-Paying Firms: Evidence from US Matched Employer-Employee Data

Authors
Niklas Engbom and Christian Moser
Date
May 1, 2017
Format
Journal Article
Journal
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings

What are the sources of the returns to education? We study the allocation of higher education graduates from public institutions in Ohio across firms. We present three results. First, we confirm findings in the earlier literature of large pay differences across degrees. Second, we show that up to one quarter of pay premiums for higher degrees are explained by between-firm pay differences. Third, higher education degrees are associated with greater representation at the best-paying firms.

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Putting on the pressure: How to make threats in negotiations

Authors
Adam Galinsky and K. Liljenquist
Date
January 1, 2004
Format
Journal Article
Journal
Negotiation

This article focuses on the role of threats in negotiations. Broadly speaking, a threat is a proposition that issues demands and warns of the costs of noncompliance. Even if neither party resorts to them, potential threats shadow most negotiations. Researchers have found that people actually evaluate their counterparts more favorably when they combine promises with threats rather than extend promises alone. Whereas promises encourage exploitation, the threat of punishment motivates cooperation.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Variety bundling as demand-side diversification: The performance implications of the choice to diversify in the U.S. Telecommunications Services Industry, 1990–1996

Author
Harrigan, Kathryn and Lalit Manral

Contact Lalit Manral at [email protected] for a copy of the manuscript.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Bayesian Multinomial Processing Tree Models

Author
Ansari, Asim and Marc Vanhuele
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
Bloomberg Businessweek

In Fed's Monetary Targeting, Two Tails Are Better Than One

Author
Calomiris, Charles and Ellis Tallman
The central bank's bond purchasing plan has already damaged its credibility, say Charles Calomiris and Ellis Tallman.
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

A Linear Response Bandit Problem

Author
Zeevi, Assaf and Alexander Goldenshluger
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

In the Eyes of the Beholder? The Role of Dispositional Trust in Judgments of Procedural Fairness

Author
Brockner, Joel and Emily Bianchi
Previous research on the antecedents of procedural fairness judgments has focused primarily on situational factors. We suggest that dispositional tendencies also affect perceptions of procedural fairness. Converging evidence from three studies showed that people's general propensity to trust others was positively related to their fairness perceptions.
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Drivers of Word-of-Mouth at the Individual Level

Author
Stephen, Andrew T. and Donald Lehmann
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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

An upside to bicultural identity conflict: Resisting groupthink in cultural ingroups

Author
Mok, Aurelia and Michael Morris

Bicultural individuals differ in the degree to which their cultural identities are integrated versus conflicting—Bicultural Identity Integration (BII). Studies of judgment find that biculturals with less integrated identities (low BIIs) tend to defy salient cultural norms, whereas those with highly integrated identities (high BIIs) conform. This study examined biculturals' judgment in a group decision-making context, focusing on individuals' reactions to consensus in cultural ingroups. Results showed that low (vs.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Management and Organization Review

Asian-Americans' creative styles in Asian and American situations: Assimilative and contrastive responses as a function of bicultural identity integration

Author
Mok, Aurelia and Michael Morris

Bicultural individuals vary in the degree to which their two cultural identities are integrated. Among Asian-Americans, for instance, some experience their Asian and American sides as compatible whereas others experience them as conflicting. Past research on judgments finds this individual difference affects the way bicultural individuals respond to situations that cue their cultures.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Management and Organization Review

Creativity East and West: Perspectives and Parallels

Author
Morris, Michael and Angela Ka-yee Leung

This Editors' Forum –‘Creativity East and West’– presents five papers on the question of cultural differences in creativity from the perspective of different research literatures, followed by two integrative commentaries. The literatures represented include historiometric, laboratory, and organizational studies. Investigation of cultural influences through country comparisons and priming manipulations, focusing on how people perform creatively and how they assess creativity.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

Domestic Institutions and the Bypass Effect of Financial Globalization

Author
Wei, Shang-Jin and Jiandong Ju

This paper proposes a simple model to study how domestic institutions affect patterns of international capital flows. Inefficient financial system, and poor corporate governance, may be bypassed by two-way capital flows in which domestic savings leave the country in the form of financial capital outflows but domestic investment takes place via inward FDI. While financial globalization always improves the welfare of a developed country with a good financial system, its effect is ambiguous for a developing country with an inefficient financial sector or poor corporate governance.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Financial Economics

Habit Formation, the Cross Section of Stock Returns and the Cash-Flow Risk Puzzle

Author
Santos, Tano and Pietro Veronesi

Non-linear external habit persistence models, which feature prominently in the recent "equity premium" asset pricing and macroeconomics literature, generate counterfactual predictions in the cross section of stock returns. In particular, we show that in the absence of cross sectional heterogeneity in firms' cash flow risk these models produce a "growth premium," that is, stocks with high price-to-fundamental ratios command a higher premium than stocks with low price-to-fundamental ratios.

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Type
Chapter
Date
2010
Book
Grounding sociality: Neurons, minds, and culture

How communication shapes memory: Shared reality and implications for culture

Author
Echterhoff, Gerald and E. Tory Higgins
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Type
Chapter
Date
2010
Book
Dynamics of Knowledge, Corporate Systems, and Innovation

Knowledge, Information, Rules, and Structures

Author
Kogut, Bruce
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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Leadership Excellence

Lead by Choice

Author
Iyengar, Sheena

As Cassius said to Brutus (in Julius Caesar) Men at some time are masters of their fates: The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Might you become master of your fate through choice—no matter what the stars say?

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

My way: How strategic preferences vary by negotiator role and regulatory focus

Author
Appelt, Kirstin and E. Tory Higgins

Negotiators may use vigilant, loss-minimizing strategies or eager, gain-maximizing strategies. The present study provides evidence that preferences for these different strategies depend on negotiator role and personal orientation. In a price negotiation, buyers and prevention-focused individuals prefer vigilant strategies, whereas sellers and promotion-focused individuals prefer eager strategies.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Psychological Science

On "feeling right" in cultural contexts: How person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being

Author
Fulmer, C. Ashley, Michele Gelfand, Arie Kruglanski, Chu Kim-Prieto, Ed Diener, Antonio Pierro, and E. Tory Higgins

Whether one is in one’s native culture or abroad, one’s personality can differ markedly from the personalities of the majority, thus failing to match the “cultural norm.” Our studies examined how the interaction of individual- and cultural-level personality affects people’s self-esteem and well-being.We propose a person-culture match hypothesis that predicts that when a person’s personality matches the prevalent personalities of other people in a culture, culture functions as an important amplifier of the positive effect of personality on self-esteem and subjective well-being at the individ

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
American Economic Journal: Microeconomics

Organizing for Synergies

Author
Dessein, Wouter, Luis Garicano, and Robert Gertner

Large companies are usually organized into business units, yet some activities are almost always centralized in a company-wide functional unit. We first show that organizations endogenously create an incentive conflict between functional managers (who desire excessive standardization) and business-unit managers (who desire excessive local adaptation). We then study how the allocation of authority and tasks to functional and business-unit managers interacts with this endogenous incentive conflict.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Pricing Add-Ons as Totals: How Changing Price Display Can Influence Consumer Choice

Author
Heitmann, Mark, Eric Johnson, and Andreas Herrmann
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Type
Book
Date
2010

The Squam Lake Report: Fixing the Financial System

Author
French, Kenneth R., Martin N. Baily, John Y. Campbell, John H. Cochrane, Douglas W. Diamond, Darrell Duffie, and Frederic Mishkin

In the fall of 2008, fifteen of the world's leading economists — representing the broadest spectrum of economic opinion — gathered at New Hampshire's Squam Lake. Their goal: the mapping of a long-term plan for financial regulation reform.

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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
The European Business Review

Translating Your Strategy Into a Compelling Leadership Message

Author
Pietersen, William
For a strategy to be supported and acted upon, it has to live in the hearts and minds of employees. We must get rid of the notion that the final product of a strategy is a document. The documentation of a strategy is a vital discipline, but it is the platform for strategic leadership, not the end point. Moreover, a sterile PowerPoint presentation of that document is unlikely to move an organization to action. We need to think of a strategy as a leadership story.
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Ambidexterity in the Transition to Greater Service Offerings: An Empirical Study

Author
Harrigan, Kathryn and Tim Kessler

Driven by diverse motives, many industrial companies have added greater service offerings to complement their products over the past two decades. While their transition to offering more supporting services generally seems to be a very promising avenue and some companies have been quite successful with this strategy, the overall picture is inconclusive. Despite their obvious connection to the products that they support, services may represent a dramatically set of activities for industrial companies to master.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Is Home Health Care a Substitute for Hospital Care?

Author
Lichtenberg, Frank

A previous study used aggregate (region-level) data to investigate whether home health care serves as a substitute for inpatient hospital care, and concluded that “there is no evidence that services provided at home replace hospital services.” However, that study was based on a cross-section of regions observed at a single point of time, and did not control for unobserved regional heterogeneity.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010

On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe neurons

Author
Cerf, Moran, Nikhil Thiruvengadam, Florian Mormann, Alexander Kraskov, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Christof Koch, and Itzhak Fried
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
Financial Times

The Fed Must Adopt an Inflation Target

Author
Mishkin, Frederic
Ben Bernanke, the Federal Reserve chairman, discussed his institution's inflation mandate in a recent speech, leading to speculation a numerical inflation target is under consideration inside America's central bank. And if there ever was a time to establish such a transparent and credible commitment to a specific target, it is now.
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
La Vanguardia

Una España de dos velocidades

Author
Santos, Tano
La nuestra es una economía llena de contradicciones pero quizás ninguna sea tan llamativa como el contraste que hay entre la reciente evolución negativa de las medidas de productividad agregada de la economía española y la existencia de un sector, que incluye a las grandes empresas españolas, competitivo, dinámico e integrado plenamente en la cadena de valor internacional. Esto sugiere que la economía española tiene de forma creciente una naturaleza dual y que los problemas de competitividad están concentrados en un determinado sector de nuestra economía.
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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management

Guest Editorial to a Special Issue

Author
Maglaras, Costis

This special issue features articles from the 9th Annual INFORMS Revenue Management and Pricing Section Conference at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University during 22–23 June 2009. The conference featured 42 half hour talks by practitioners and researchers, as well as keynote addresses by Professor Anton Kleywegt of Georgia Tech and by Dr Matthew Schrag, the Director of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering at Delta Airlines. The conference was organized by Martin Lariviere and Baris Ata.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Research in Organizational Behavior

Measuring the pulse of an organization: Integrating physiological measures into the organizational scholar's toolbox

Author
Akinola, Modupe

This goal of this chapter is to build a bridge between psychophysiology and organizational behavior in an effort to extend organizational theories and enhance the precision of organizational research. The first section describes psychophysiological systems and theories that can inform organizational scholars' understanding of the biological bases of behavior in organizations. The second section discusses the advantages and challenges associated with incorporating psychophysiological measures into organizational research.

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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
e21

A Three-Part Program for Housing Finance Reform

Author
Calomiris, Charles
How do we get rid of destabilizing subsidization of mortgage risk while still making it possible for lower-income people to become homeowners?
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Beyond Basel and the Dodd-Frank Bill

Author
Calomiris, Charles

Recently, the U.S. government passed a major financial regulatory overhaul known as the Dodd- Frank bill. Soon thereafter, the Basel Committee revised its capital standards to boost minimum tier one equity requirements for banks over time.

The stated purpose of the U.S.'s Dodd-Frank financial regulatory reform bill, and the Basel reforms, was to fix the problems that came to light during the recent financial crisis. Do these reforms address those problems?

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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
Social Science Research Network

Corporate Volunteerism, the Experience of a Positive Self-Concept, and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from Two Field Studies

Author
Brockner, Joel, Deanna Senior, and Will Welch
We examine the relationship between employees' participation in corporate-sponsored volunteerism and their organizational commitment. In two different organizational settings the psychological functions served by participating in corporate-sponsored volunteer programs were shown to be differentially predictive of employees' organizational commitment. The more employees volunteered based on functions that enabled them to experience a positive self-concept, the higher was their organizational commitment.
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Type
Case Study
Date
2010

Demand modeling mini case for managerial statistics

Author
Maglaras, Costis
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Type
Case Study
Date
2010

Keep the Change: Bank of America's Savings Program

Author
Zeldes, Stephen and Eric Johnson
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
Working paper

Trust in decision-making authorities dictates the form of the interactive relationship between outcome favorability and procedural fairness

Author
Brockner, Joel, Emily Bianchi, Kees Van den Bos, Philip Miles, Matthias Seifert, Lu Shannon, and Henry Moon
Five studies demonstrate that employees' trust in management influences the form of the interactive effect of outcome favorability and procedural fairness on employees' attitudes and behavioral intentions. When trust is high, employees respond particularly negatively when outcome favorability and procedural fairness are both low whereas when trust is low, employees respond especially positively when outcome favorability and procedural fairness are both high.
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
Forbes

How Social Entrepreneurs Heal the World's Wounds

Author
Jedidi, Kamel and Bruce Kogut

In the wake of the fierce debate surrounding the potential establishment of an Islamic center a few blocks from Ground Zero, as well as the recent threat by a pastor of a small fringe evangelical church to hold a public Koran burning, there has been much talk about building bridges and interfaith dialogue. We believe in such initiatives, but we also strongly believe there are other ways of normalizing relations between groups that sometimes clash.

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Type
Case Study
Date
2010

Patagonia Negotiation

Author
Ingram, Paul
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Type
Book
Date
2010

Advances in Consumer Research

Author
Dahl, Darren, Gita Johar, and Stijn van Osselaer
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Appetite for destruction: The impact of the September 11 attacks on business founding

Author
Paruchuri, Srikanth and Paul Ingram

It is widely accepted that entrepreneurial creation affects destruction, as new and better organizations, technologies and transactions replace old ones. This phenomenon is labeled creative destruction, but it might more accurately be called destructive creation, given the driving role of creation in the process. We reverse the typical causal ordering, and ask whether destruction may drive creation. We argue that economic systems may get stuck in suboptimal equilibria due to path dependence, and that destruction may sweep away this inertia, and open the way for entrepreneurship.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Trends in Cognitive Science

Born to Choose: The Origins and Value of the Need for Control

Author
Leotti, Lauren, Sheena Iyengar, and Kevin Ochsner

Belief in one's ability to exert control over the environment and to produce desired results is essential for an individual's well being. It has been repeatedly argued that the perception of control is not only desirable, but it is likely a psychological and biological necessity. In this article, we review the literature supporting this claim and present evidence for a biological basis for the need for control and for choice—that is, the means by which we exercise control over the environment.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Casting a Net: Network Leverage and Relational Exchange in Clyde River Shipbuilding

Author
Ingram, Paul, Arie Eric Lifschitz, and Jiao Luo
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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Marketing Trends

Determining Marketing Accountability

Author
Sexton, Don, Kamal Sen, and Venu Gorti

Applies economic, marketing, and finance concepts to develop a metric, Customer Value Added, that explains how marketing activities drive the financial performance of an organization.  Includes empirical results for a consumer packaged goods company where Customer Value Added predicted revenue and contribution with R-squared values greater than 0.90.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Economic Policy

Inflation and the Inflation Risk Premium

Author
Bekaert, Geert and Xiaozheng Wang

This article starts by discussing the concept of "inflation hedging" and provides estimates of "inflation betas" for standard bond and well-diversified equity indices for over 45 countries. We show that such standard securities are poor inflation hedges. Expanding the menu of assets to Treasury bills, foreign bonds, real estate and gold improves matters but inflation risk remains difficult to hedge. We then describe how state-of-the-art term structure research has tried to uncover estimates of the inflation risk premium, the compensation for bearing inflation risk.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Social and Personality Psychology Compass

Motivation in Mental Accessibility: Relevance of a Representation (ROAR) as a New Framework

Author
Eitam, Baruch and E. Tory Higgins

The notion of accessibility of mental representations has been invaluable in explaining and predicting human thought and action. Focusing on social cognition, we review the large corpus of data that has accumulated since the first models of mental activation dynamics were outlined. We then outline a framework that we call Relevance of a Representation (or ROAR for short), the main tenant of which is that not all stimulated representations are in fact activated (i.e., influence thought and action processes).

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Consumer Research

Motivational Compatibility and Choice Conflict

Author
Kivetz, Ran and Cecile K. Cho
For most forms of conscious consumer choice, product attributes serve as the means that consumers use to accomplish their goals. Because there is competition between products in the marketplace, consumption decisions typically present conflict between means to achieve a goal. In this paper we examine the consequences of conflict between regulatory means on consumers' decisions and show that the resolution depends upon whether the means—that is, the attributes—are compatible with the consumer's regulatory orientation.
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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Journal of Marketing Research

Shaping Customer Satisfaction through Self-Awareness Cues

Author
Pham, Michel Tuan, Caroline Goukens, Donald Lehmann, and Jennifer Stuart

Six studies show that subtle contextual cues that increase customers' self-awareness can be used to influence their satisfaction with service providers holding the objective service delivery constant. Self-awareness cues tend to increase customers' satisfaction when the outcome of a service interaction is unfavorable, but tend to decrease customers' satisfaction when the outcome of the interaction is favorable. This is because higher self-awareness increases customers' tendency to attribute outcomes to themselves as opposed to the provider.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
Social Psychological and Personality Science

Specialization in Relational Reasoning: The Efficiency, Accuracy, and Neural Substrates of Social versus Non-Social Inferences

Author
Mason, Malia, Joe Magee, and Louise Nind
Although deduction can be applied both to associations between nonsocial objects and to social relationships among people, the authors hypothesize that social targets elicit specialized cognitive mechanisms that facilitate inferences about social relations. Consistent with this view, in Experiments 1a and 1b the authors show that participants are more efficient and more accurate at inferring social relations compared to nonsocial relations. In Experiment 2 they find direct evidence for a specialized neural apparatus recruited specifically for social relational inferences.
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

The Price of Relationships: Experience Transfer, Contractual Governance and Performance in Repeated Vertical Exchanges

Author
Ingram, Paul

Research on repeated ties has concluded almost lopsidedly that repeated exchanges are beneficial. Yet, most empirical evidences backing up this conclusion either do not measure real economic outcomes of repeated exchanges, or have performance data from only one side of the transaction. Our paper develops a synthetic view of the exchange dynamics through which positive or negative effects might take place, and exposes direct evidence of the impact of repeated ties on price, cost, profit and governance structure.

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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Towards an International Green Fund

Author
Bolton, Patrick, Roger Guesnerie, and Frederic Samama

This paper argues that an important institutional tool to accelerate the transition of the global economy towards greater reliance on renewable energy is the establishment of an International Green Fund (IGF). Such a fund would provide and coordinate financing of green investments and research and development on renewable energy around the world. With the support of such a fund, long-term investors who are already pursuing green investment projects on an ad-hoc basis would be able to scale up these investments and reap larger returns from learning-by-doing and scale economies.

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Type
Journal Article
Date
2010
Journal
The Review of Economic Studies

Why Has House Price Dispersion Gone up?

Author
Van Nieuwerburgh, Stijn and Pierre-Olivier Weill
We set up and solve a spatial, dynamic equilibrium model of the housing market based on two main assumptions: households with heterogenous abilities flow in and out metropolitan areas in response to local wage shocks, and the housing supply cannot adjust instantly because of regulatory constraints. In our equilibrium, house prices compensate for cross-sectional productivity differences. We increase productivity dispersion in the calibrated model in order to match the 30-year increase in cross-sectional wage dispersion that we document based on metropolitan-level data.
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Type
Newspaper/Magazine Article
Date
2010
Publication
strategy+business

<a href="http://www.strategy-business.com/article/00046?gko=13ead">A Better Choosing Experience</a>

Author
Iyengar, Sheena
When consumers are overwhelmed with options, marketers should give them what they really want: ways of shopping that lower the cognitive stress.
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Type
Working Paper
Date
2010

Branding Strategies and Tactics of Chinese and Indian Firms

Author
Sexton, Don
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